We present mid rapidity charged-pion invariant cross sections, the ratio of the π⁻to π⁺ cross sections and the charge-separated double-spin asymmetries in polarized p+p collisions at √s= 200 GeV. While the cross section measurements are consistent within the errors of next-to-leading-order (NLO) perturbative quantum chromodynamics predictions (pQCD), the same calculations overestimate the ratio of the charged-pion cross sections. This discrepancy arises from the cancellation of the substantial systematic errors associated with the NLO-pQCD predictions in the ratio and highlights the constraints these data will place on  flavor-dependent pion fragmentation functions. The charge-separated pion asymmetries presented here sample an  x range of ∼0.03–0.16 and provide unique information on the sign of the gluon-helicity distribution.